During the Art Was Used Roughly in the Same Sense as Craft

Types of Art
Categories, Forms and Classification of Visual Arts and crafts.
MAIN A-Z Index

Nationale Nederlanden Edifice,
Prague."The Dancing Firm". An
iconic example of Deconstructivism,
a style of contemporary architecture
pioneered by Frank O. Gehry.

DEFINITION OF VISUAL ART
Ever since the controversial works of Marcel Duchamp, advanced artists accept been pushing the boundaries of their profession to breaking point. Installations, found-objects, conceptual works, and film, are just some of the media which have been employed to augment the gimmicky aesthetic. A flattened motor car has been presented every bit an of import work of assemblage art; a dead shark has been pickled and turned into an installation; a "human skull" has been 'recreated', studded with precious jewels and turned into a piece of contemporary sculpture; and, to cap it all, an exhibition of contemporary art opened last year at the Pompidou Centre in Paris, consisting of 8 empty rooms.
Art Evaluation: How to Capeesh Art.

Basic Definitions of Art

• Art: Definition and Pregnant
The meaning of beauty and art is explored in the branch of philosophy chosen aesthetics. For more definitions, come across the following:
• Fine Art
Includes: drawing, painting, sculpture and printmaking.
• Visual Art
Includes: fine arts, certain gimmicky arts (eg. installation, functioning) and decorative arts.
• Decorative Art
Broadly synonymous with crafts. See besides: Arts and Crafts Motility.
• Applied Art
Includes: architecture, industrial-blueprint, manner/furnishings-blueprint, interior-design etc.
• Crafts
Broadly synonymous with decorative arts. Encounter also: Feminist Art (1970s).
• Fine art Glossary
Explanation of all basic terms.

IMPORTANCE OF DRAWING
Always since the Stone Historic period, painters have been forced to motility with the times. Prehistoric artists painted with lumpy paint crayons and pads of moss, before upgrading to brushes made of vegetable fibre and animal hair. For colour pigments they used iii varieties of clay ochre, (cherry, yellowish and brown), and charcoal for black. By the time of the Middle Ages, artists had developed both encaustic and egg-tempera painting methods, and were shortly to explore the lustrous advantages of oils. New color pigments came and went, as did a serial of paint containers and colour charts. Lastly, during the 1940s - about 32 Millennia since the first cave paintings - chemists devised fast-drying acrylic paints. But despite all these developments in the art of painting, painters nevertheless had to draw their own images. At present, things are changing.

Digital and reckoner fine art is upon u.s., which means that anyone with any proficiency in software design programs tin can produce a cartoon at the drop of a hat. And life cartoon is now seen past many equally an old-fashioned and unnecessary waste matter of time. Unfortunately, when artists end learning how to draw, figurative art flies out the window, and video art takes over.

NON-REPRESENTATIONAL Art
The ongoing argue most "What constitutes art?" is not a trivial squabble between dessicated academics. It's an important cultural issue for huge numbers of people. For instance, as more activities become accepted as "art", then these activities find their manner into the curricula of our best art schools, sometimes with unfortunate results. Last year, I visited a Graduate Show staged past one of Ireland's peak art colleges. Out of many hundred exhibits, I was impressed past the artistic claim of perhaps iii works - two of which were by the same artist! Most of the other works, which were nearly all abstruse, seemed to me to exist sloppily executed, and lacking any creative touch on - a fairly dire affair to say about such a major showcase of young talent. Plainly the show's organizers thought differently, and then maybe my sense of aesthetic appreciation has deserted me. Either that, or else it's a sobering instance of The Emperor's New Wearing apparel.

HOW TO EVALUATE Art
Every attempt to define "good" art is doomed to frustration. Allowing the free market to decide may sound reasonable, except that sale prices identify Damien Hirst equally the best ever British artist, which sounds a chip dodgy. Besides, there are hundreds of nighttime, uninteresting but mega-valuable Old Master paintings quietly deteriorating in museums around the earth, whose budgetary value bears no relation to their "beauty". As for the so-chosen "priceless" Greek sculptures in the Louvre - the 1-armed, i-legged, no-head variety, like the Venus di Milo - would you want any of them in your sitting room? I uncertainty information technology. The lesson? Expensive art isn't ever good art. Okay, so how else can we decide what constitutes a worthy artwork? How about letting the Arts Council make up one's mind? Err, no thanks. We do that already, and it's a disaster. A committee of contained critics? Hmm, perhaps not: look what happened to the Turner prize. Is subject field matter a guide? For instance, is representational or figurative art amend than abstraction? No. Some of the about beautiful decorative works are completely devoid of recognizable features, while a superrealist painting or sculpture can sometimes leave u.s. cold. The truth is, "good" or "beautiful" art is practically indefinable. Arguably, its existence hinges on a magical combination of shape and color, which cannot be pre-selected, otherwise Volkswagen would manufacture it.

ART HAS RARITY VALUE Simply
Every then often we hear that a painting or drawing by some famous artist has been bought at Sotheby's or Christie's for $x million or mayhap $50 one thousand thousand. A recent example was the $100 meg paid for a screenprint (Eight Elvises) by Andy Warhol. Did the news make us asphyxiate over our breakfast? Probably not. After all, people do pay huge prices for rare objects. Nevertheless, it's very disruptive, because it gives the impression that a painting has an objective or intrinsic value, sometimes reaching into the millions. But the truth is, a painting has no intrinsic value - only rarity. Even its dazzler or aesthetic appeal can be acquired by ownership a print, at a fraction of the toll of the original. When information technology comes to a Monet, a Van Gogh or a Titian, none of this matters because the rarity value justifies a hefty cost-tag, but when information technology comes to works of art by ordinary mortals, beware! - the $20,000 price-tag for the piece of work of an established minor creative person can include a large "fashion" premium, that tin can disappear overnight. All this explains why the contemporary fine art market has nosedived, while need for rare Old Masters and Moderns remains insufficiently buoyant.

SEPARATION OF ARTS & CRAFTS
"Fine art", traditionally the premier form of visual creativity, is supposedy a drawing-based acivity, practised mainly for its artful value ("fine art for fine art'due south sake") rather than its functionality. In contrast, the second-class category, known equally "decorative fine art" (the new discussion for crafts), refers to things similar ceramics, tapestry, enamelling, metalwork, stained glass, textiles, and others, which are deemed to be ornamental or decorative, rather than intellectual or spiritual. And so to recap: arts are beautiful useless things that drag the senses - example, the Mona Lisa; whereas crafts prettify functional objects - example, a tea cup with a handpainted design. I don't know which painter/sculptor or authorities civil servant outset proposed this absurd distinction, but it lingers on in all its ugly illogicality. Have compages, for instance. This has always been regarded as a fine fine art, despite being the ultimate example of utility - just ask any builder. Advertisement posters by the likes of (say) Toulouse Lautrec and Alphonse Mucha are as well seen equally fine art, despite being the embodiment of decorative functionalism. On the other hand, a cute tapestry or stained glass window is regarded as mere ornamentalism, irrespective of the degree of artistic designwork and craftsmanship involved. And if you think all this is pointless and confusing, wait till you run across "applied fine art", a term which is now used to describe a more design-oriented category of decorative art.

A-Z Types of Art

• Blitheness Art
Derived from the Latin meaning "to exhale life into", animation is the visual art of creating a move picture from a series of withal drawings. Among the slap-up twentieth century animators are J. Stuart Blackton, George McManus, Max Fleischer, and Walt Disney.
• Compages
Best understood as the applied art of edifice pattern. Historically has exerted meaning influence on the development of fine art, through architectural styles like Gothic, Baroque and Neoclassical. For the origins of skyscraper blueprint, come across: 19th Century Architecture; for its characteristics and development, see: Skyscraper Architecture (1850-present); for technical details, see: Chicago School of Architecture; for historical context, run into: American Compages (1600-present).
• Art Brut
Painting, drawing, sculpture past artists on the margin of club, or in mental hospitals, or children. (English language category is Outsider fine art.)
• Aggregation Art
A gimmicky form of sculpture, comparable to collage, in which a work of art is congenital upwards or "assembled" from 3-D materials - typically "institute" objects.
• Trunk Art
One of the oldest (and newest) forms - includes torso painting and face painting, also as tattoos, mime, "living statues" and (well-nigh recently) "performances" by artists like Marina Abramovic and Carole Schneemann.
• Calligraphy
This fine art, practised widely in the Far East and among Islamic artists, is regarded by the Chinese as the highest class of art.
• Ceramics
A type of plastic art, ceramics refers to items made from clay and baked in a kiln. Run across ancient pottery from China and Greece, below. Two of the foremost European ceramicists are the English artist Bernard Howell Leach (1887-1979), and the Frenchman Camille Le Tallec (1908-91).
• Christian Art
This is more often than not Biblical Art, or at least works derived from the Bible. It includes Protestant Reformation art and Catholic Counter-Reformation art, besides every bit Jewish themes. See also: Early on Christian sculpture and likewise: Early on Christian Art.
• Collage
Limerick consisting of various materials like newspaper cuttings, cardboard, photos, fabrics and the like, pasted to a board or canvas. May be combined with painting or drawings.
• Computer Art
All computer-generated forms of fine or practical art, including computer-controlled types. Also known as Digital, Cybernetic or Internet art.
• Conceptual Art
A contemporary art class that places primacy on the concept or thought behind a work of art, rather than the work itself. Leading conceptual artists include: Allan Kaprow (b.1927), and Joseph Beuys (1921-86) the former Professor of Monumental Sculpture at the Dusseldorf Academy, whose dedication earned him a retrospective at the Samuel R Guggenheim Museum (New York).
• Blueprint (Artistic)
This refers to the program involved in creating something co-ordinate to a set of aesthetics. Examples of artistic design movements include: Fine art Nouveau, Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Ulm Design School and Postmodernism.
• Drawing
A drawing tin can be a complete piece of work, or a type of preparatory sketching for a painting or sculpture. A central upshot in fine fine art concerns the relative importance of drawing (line) versus colour.
- chalk
- charcoal
- conte crayon
- pastel
- pen and ink
- pencil
For a selection of the greatest sketches by some of the finest draftsmen in history, please run into: Best Drawings of the Renaissance (1400-1550).
• Folk Art
Generally crafts and commonsensical applied arts made by rural artisans.
• French Furniture
The greatest furniture was created during the 17th/18th centuries by French Designers at the Royal Courtroom, in the Louis Quatorze, Quinze and Seize styles. For a brusque guide, see: French Decorative Arts (1640-1792).
• Graffiti Fine art
Contemporary grade of street droplets spray painting which emerged in East Coast American cities during the late 1960s/early on 1970s. Famous graffiti artists include Jean-Michel Basquiat (1960-88), Keith Haring (1958-90) and Banksy.
• Graphic Art
Types of visual expression defined more by line and tone (disegno), rather than color (colorito). Includes drawing, cartoons, caricature art, comic strips, illustration, blitheness and calligraphy, as well as all forms of traditional printmaking. Also includes postmodernist styles of word fine art (text-based graphics).
• Icons (Icon Painting)
Ranks alongside mosaic art as the nigh popular type of Eastern Orthodox religious art. Closely associated with Byzantine art, and later, Russian icon painters.
• Illuminated Manuscripts
This principally refers to religious texts (Christian, Islamic, Jewish) embellished with figurative illustrations and/or abstruse geometric designs, exemplified past Book of Kells.
• Installation
A new category of contemporary art, which employs various 2-D and 3-D materials to create a particular space designed to make an impact on the viewer/visitor. Turner Prize Winner Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin are famous installation artists.
• Illustration
A class of painting, cartoon or other graphic art which explains, clarifies, pictorializes or decorates written text.
• Jewellery Art
Practised by goldsmiths, as well as other master-craftsmen like silversmiths, gemologists, diamond cutters/setters and lapidaries.
• Junk Fine art
Artworks fabricated from ordinary, everyday materials, or "found objects", of which Marcel Duchamp'due south "readymades" are a sub-category. Typically includes 3-D works similar sculpture, aggregation, collage or installations.
• Land Art
A relatively new category of contemporary art, also called Earth art, earthworks, or Ecology art, it was led by Robert Smithson (1938-73), and emerged in America during the 1960s as a reaction against the commercial art globe.
• Metalwork Art
Embraces goldsmithing, the fashioning of precious metals into objets d'art, besides every bit enamelwork techniques like cloisonné, plique-a-jour, champlevé, and encrusted enamelling. Come across: Celtic Metalwork. For more mod works, see also: Fabergé Easter Eggs.
• Mosaic Art
An ancient fine art form, developed by Ancient Greek and Byzantine artists, which creates pictorial designs out of glass tesserae. For its loftier point during the Eye Ages, see: Ravenna Mosaics (c.400-600) and Christian Byzantine Art (c.400-1200).
• Outsider Art
Artworks by painters/sculptors exterior mainstream culture; may be mentally ill, or untutored and uneducated: (French equivalent is Art Brut).
• Painting
Since classical artifact the highest form of Western art, painting has been dominated by Renaissance-style "Academic Art". Until the invention of pre-mixed paints and the collapsible paint tube in the mid-19th century, painters had to create their ain colour pigments from natural plants and metal compounds. See colour in painting. Famous painting movements or schools include: Early on/HighRenaissance, Mannerism, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, Abstruse Expressionism, Op-Art, Pop Art, Minimalism, Photorealism, and others.
- acrylics
- encaustic painting
- fresco painting
- gouache
- ink and wash
- smash art
- oils
- miniature painting
- panel painting
- tempera painting
- watercolours
- and more
• Performance Fine art (and Happenings)
A 20th century art form involving a live operation by the artist before an audience. The form was explored and adult by exponents of Futurism, Constructivism, Dada, Surrealism and after contemporary fine art movements.
• Photography
A 20th century medium by which the creative person captures pictorial images on film as opposed to the traditional fine art supports of canvas, paper or board. New computer software graphics programs accept created new opportunities for editing and prototype manipulation. See also: Is Photography Fine art? Foremost amidst exponents of photographic art is the American Ansel Adams, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a Guggenheim young man and recipient of the Presidential Medal of Liberty, noted for his blackness-and-white photographs of the American West. The leading gimmicky Irish lens-based artist is Victor Sloan (b.1945).
• Poster Art
Peaked during the French Belle Epoque and the Fine art Nouveau era.
• Primitive Art
Associated with Aboriginal, African, Oceanic and other tribal cultures; too embraces Outsider art.
• Printmaking
The process of making original prints by pressing an inked block or plate onto a receptive support surface, typically paper. Amid keen modernistic exponents of fine art printmaking (eg. woodcuts, engraving, carving, lithography and silkscreen) are the American artist James McNeill Whistler (1834–1903), the French creative person Toulouse-Lautrec (1864-1901), the Dutch graphic artist MC Escher (1898-1972), Willem de Kooning (1904-97) and Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008), every bit well as silkscreen printers similar Andy Warhol (1928-87), all of whom infused the artform with great vitality.
- engraving
- etching
- giclee prints
- lithography
- screen-printing
- woodcuts
- and more
• Public Art
A vague category of art which encompasses all works paid for by public funds. A more than narrow definition might restrict it to all works designed for a infinite accessible to the general public. Sadly, most public fine art ends upwards in stores or offices staffed by public servants!
• Religious Art
Typically architecture, or whatever fine or decorative arts with a religious theme: includes Christian or Islamic, Hindu, Buddhism or any of a hundred dissimilar sects. Come across for instance Chinese Buddhist sculpture (c.100 CE - present).
• Rock Art
Traditionally encompasses primitive rock engravings (petroglyphs), relief sculptures, cave painting (pictographs) and megaliths of the Stone Historic period.
• Sand Art
Encompasses sand painting (Navajo Indians, Tibetan Buddhists), sand drawing (Vanuatu, formerly New Hebrides), sand sculpture and architecture.
• Sculpture
Sculpture is a three-dimensional work of plastic art created either by (1) Carving - in stone, marble, wood, ivory, os; (2) modelling - from wax or clay, afterward which it may be cast in bronze; (three) an assemblage of "institute objects". Note: Origami paper folding should also be classed as a plastic art.
- statue
- relief sculpture
- statuary
- ice sculpture
- ivory etching
- marble
- rock
- terra cotta sculpture
- wood-etching
• Stained Glass Art
The supreme decorative art of the Gothic movement, stained glass reached its zenith during the 12th and 13th centuries when it was created for Christian cathedrals across Europe. Modern stained glass was made in America by John LaFarge and Louis Comfort Tiffany; and on the Continent at the Bauhaus design school.Sadly, the creators of the stained glass masterpieces in Chartres and other Gothic cathedrals remain anonymous, nonetheless their skills were kept alive by artists like Marc Chagall (1887-1985) and Joan Miro (1893-1983), and - in Ireland - by such Irish artists every bit Harry Clarke (1889-1931), Sarah Purser (1848-43) and Evie Strop (1894-1955).
• Tapestry Art
An ancient blazon of cloth art, tapestry-making flourished in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards, at the hands of French and (later) Flemish weavers. The nearly famous works were woven at the Gobelins tapestry and Beauvais tapestry factories in Paris, but see also the famous Bayeux Tapestry (c.1075) a Romanesque work stitched by Anglo-Saxon and French seamsters, depicting the Norman Conquest of 1066.
• Video Art
I of the nigh recent categories of contemporary expression, pioneered past Andy Warhol and others, video is frequently used in installation fine art, equally well as equally a stand up-alone art form. Several Turner Prize Winners accept been video artists. The leading video creative person of the twentieth century is probably Bill Viola (b.1951), known for his technical and creative mastery of the genre.

World Arts

• Ancient Art (Commonwealth of australia)
Introduction to ancient cavern painting and petroglyphs from Australasia.
- Australian Colonial Painting (c.1780-1880)
- Australian Impressionism (c.1886-1900)
- Australian Mod Painting (c.1900-lx)
• Aegean Fine art (c.2600-1100 BCE)
Early Greek civilization: features Cycladic, Minoan and Mycenean cultures.
• African Art
Guide to rock paintings, classical African sculpture, art of the African kingdoms, religious and tribal artworks and more.
• American Art
History of painting and other fine arts in America, 1750-present.
• Pre-Columbian Fine art (Americas)
Compages, fine art and crafts of the Americas up to 1535.
• American Indian Art
A largely arts and crafts-based culture, specializing in woods carving, fabric arts, shell-engraving, basket-making and ceremonial masks.
• American Colonial Fine art
Eurocentric 17th/18th century portrait painting, miniatures and architecture.
• Asian Fine art
Arts and crafts from Japan, China, Korea, SE Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
• Byzantine Fine art
Principally architecture, panel painting, and mosaics created by artists within the eastern Christian Byzantine empire centred on Constantinople.
• Celtic Art
Includes metalwork of the Hallstatt and La Tene culture, plus abstract geometric designwork.
• Chinese Art
Includes world famous Chinese lacquerware, bronzes, jade carving, terracotta sculpture, Chinese Porcelain, wash-painting and calligraphy. For more, run into likewise Chinese Pottery and Chinese Painting. For a guide to the aesthetic principles behind Oriental craft, see: Traditional Chinese Fine art: Characteristics.
• Egyptian Art
Embraces mainly tomb artworks - like panel paintings, Egyptian Sculpture, murals, pottery, metalcraft and Egyptian Pyramids Compages.
• Etruscan Art
Includes tomb paintings, domestic frescoes, statuary and terracotta sculpture, ornate sarcophagi, goldsmithery and jewellery.
• Flemish Painting
School of highly realistic oil painting - including artists like Jan van Eyck, Roger van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, Hans Memling, and others - that strongly influenced the Italian Renaissance.
• Franco-Cantabrian Cavern Art
Prehistoric parietal works in southern French republic and northern Espana.
• French Painting
Follows the French Schoolhouse (1400-1900) from medieval volume painting to late 19th century Symbolism.
• German Expressionism
The almost famous style of art from Frg. Merely see also our manufactures on German Medieval Fine art (c.800-1250), the German Renaissance (1430-1580) and the German Bizarre (c.1550-1750).
• Greek Fine art
Highly innovative, technically accomplished, Greek artists prepare the standard in all forms of fine, applied and decorative art, notably painting, sculpture, compages and glass mosaic.
• Greek Pottery
Includes a range of ceramic designs from different areas of ancient Hellenic republic, such equally Geometric style, Oriental Style, Black-Figure Style and Ruby-red-Figure Fashion.
• Greek Sculpture
Includes sculptural masterpieces like Discobolus by Myron; Wounded Amazon past Polykleitos; Apollo Belvedere by Leochares; Laocoon by Hagesandrus, Athenodoros & Polydorus; Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo) by Andros of Antioch.
• Bharat: Painting & Sculpture
Includes prehistoric cupules and petroglyphs, ivory and bronze figurines, Buddhist frescoes, miniature paintings, and supreme works of Moghal architecture, like the Taj Mahal (1632-54).
• Irish Art
Includes (painting): portraiture, topographical landscape, 19th century history paintings and 20th century genre-works and nonetheless lifes; (sculpture): Stone and bronzework past traditional, Gaelic, modernistic and contemporary Irish sculptors.
• Islamic Art
Embraces many categories of creativity including, mosque-architecture, ceramics, faience mosaics, lustre-ware, relief sculpture, wood and ivory carving, friezes, cartoon, painting, calligraphy, book-gilding, lacquer-painted bookbinding, textile design, goldsmithery, gemstone etching, and others.
• Renaissance Art in Italian republic
Offset in Florence, it spread to Rome and Venice before being taken up by painters and sculptors beyond Europe.
• Japanese Fine art
Cursory guide to iv of the main visual arts in Nihon, including: Buddhist Temple art, Zen ink-painting, Yamato-e, and Ukiyo-eastward woodblock prints.
• Jewish Art
A look at Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Oriental Jewish art, crafts and archeological artifacts. See also Holocaust Art, principally Jewish art of the Shoah.
• Korean Art
Initially influenced by prehistoric Siberian culture, then past Chinese craft, Korea in turn influenced the development of several artforms in Japan.
• Mesopotamian Fine art
A cursory guide to Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian culture in the country between the Tigris and Euphrates. For more details most certain national styles, see: "Sumerian fine art" (c.4500-2270 BCE), "Assyrian fine art" (c.1500-612 BCE), "Hittite fine art" (c.1600-1180 BCE). Come across also: Mesopotamian Sculpture.
• Minoan Fine art
Covers sculpture, fresco painting, pottery, stone carvings (notably seal stones), jewellery and the palace compages of Knossos, Phaestus, Akrotiri, Kato Zakros and Mallia.
• Mycenean Art
Embraces Tholos tomb architecture, precious metalwork, and early Greek plastic arts.
• Oceanic Art
This umbrella term refers to arts and crafts produced by indigenous native peoples within the Melanesia, Polynesia and Federated states of micronesia zones of the Pacific Bounding main.
• Persian Art
Encompasses monumental rock sculptures, bas-reliefs, ceramics, mosaics, metalwork, frescoes, illuminated manuscripts, calligraphy, carpet-making, silk-weaving and architectural designs.
• Roman Art
Noted for its historical relief sculptures (eg. Trajan'south Column) and its practical compages (bridges, aquaducts, roads), ancient Rome was also responsible for producing unique copies of many original Greek sculptures, without which many Hellenic treasures would have been lost forever.
• Russian Art
Prehistoric sculpture and the history of painting 30,000 BCE to 1920.
• Spanish Painting
Follows Iberian art (1500-1970), from El Greco to Antoni Tapies.
• Tribal Art
Short guide to the traditional art of tribal societies in Bharat, Africa, the South Pacific, Australasia, Alaska and the Americas. Likewise known as Primitive Native Art, the category is sometimes extended to include certain early European artworks (eg. Celtic La Tene). It primarily consists of stoneworks (sculpture, temples), earthworks, and petroglyphs.
• Viking Art
Norse art mainly consists of portable artworks, like decorated body armour, drinking horns, pagan icons, paddles, and pocket-size-calibration carvings in amber, jet, bone, walrus ivory and forest.

Styles and Genres

• Abstract Fine art
Strictly speaking, abstract artworks derive from non-natural subjects such as geometric shapes, although wider definitions embrace all non-representational works. Types of geometric abstraction are also called concrete fine art, or more confusingly non-objective art. Both these terms mean the same.
• Representational Art
This describes images that are clearly recognizable for what they purport to exist. By contrast, abstruse art consists of pictures that lack any articulate identity, and must therefore be interpreted by the viewer.
• Figure Drawing and Figure Painting
Including representational drawing from life.
• History Painting
Derived from the Italian give-and-take "istoria" (meaning, "narrative"), history painting - exemplified by Leonardo Davinci'south work The Last Supper - tells noble stories or carries uplifting letters, and was considered to exist No 1 in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Portrait Art
Embracing private, group or self-portraits, this genre - exemplified by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-69) - was considered to exist No two in the Bureaucracy of Painting Genres.
• Genre Painting
Championed past 17th century Dutch Realists, such as Jan Vermeer (1632-75), this category of "everyday scenes" was seen as No 3 in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Mural Painting
Comprising scenic views in which nature takes primacy over human figures, this was rated No 4 in the Hierarchy of Painting Genres.
• Still Life Painting
This genre - exemplified by Frans Snyders (1579-1657) - typically comprised an organization of objects (flowers, kitchen utensils etc.) laid out on a table. For moralistic nonetheless lifes, come across: Vanitas Painting (17th century Holland) by Dutch artists like Harmen van Steenwyck (1612-56), Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606-83), Willem Kalf (1622-93) and Willem Claesz Heda (1594-1681). Because they were devoid of human representation, still lifes were regarded as the least important type of painting.

• For more about the classification of the visual arts, see: Homepage.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Art
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